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Freedom House: Informe libertad de prensa 2015

Freedom House: Informe libertad de prensa 2015

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Freedom House: Informe libertad de prensa 2015 FINAL

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FREEDOM OF THE PRESS 2015
April 2015
Harsh Laws and Violence Drive Global Decline
 
The exensive work underaken o produce
Freedom of the Press
was made possible by he generous suppor o he Jyllands-Posen Foundaion and he Hurord Foundaion. Freedom House also graeully acknowledges he conribuions o he Lilly Endowmen, he Schloss Family Foundaion, he Siching Democraie & Media, Free Press Unlimied, he Frit Ord Foundaion, he Reed Foundaion, Leonard Sussman and he Sussman Freedom Fund, Ambassador Vicor Ashe, and oher privae conribuors.
Exensive research, ediorial, analyical, and adminisraive assisance was provided by Bre Nelson, Elen Aghekyan, and Tyler Roylance, as well as by Karin Deusch Karlekar, Sarah Cook, Michael Johnson, Mathew Coogan, and Megan Schulz. We would also like o hank our consulan wriers and advisers and oher members of he projec eam for heir conribuions.
CONTENTSPress Freedom in 󰀲󰀰󰀱󰀴: Harsh Laws and Violence Drive Global Decline
󰀱Oher Noable Developmens in 󰀲󰀰󰀱󰀴 󰀶The Global Picure in 󰀲󰀰󰀱󰀴 󰀷Wors o he Wors 󰀷
Regional Trends
󰀹Americas 󰀹Asia-Pacific 󰀱󰀰Eurasia 󰀱󰀲Europe 󰀱󰀴Middle Eas and Norh Arica 󰀱󰀸Sub-Saharan Arica 󰀱󰀹
Conclusion
󰀲󰀱
Rankings
󰀲󰀲
Methodology
󰀲󰀶
ON THE COVER
Cover image by KAL.
RESEARCH AND EDITORIAL TEAM
Jennier Dunham served as he projec manager o
Freedom of the Press 󰀲󰀰󰀱󰀵
. Overall guidance or he projec was pro-vided by Arch Puddingon, vice presiden or research, and Vanessa Tucker, vice presiden or analysis.
 
Harsh Laws and Violence Drive Global Decline
Press Freedom in 2014
Condiions or he media deerioraed sharply in 󰀲󰀰󰀱󰀴, as journaliss around he world aced mouning re-sricions on he ree flow o news and inormaion—including grave hreas o heir own lives. Governmens employed acics including arress and censorship o silence criicism. Terroriss and oher nonsae orces kidnapped and murdered journaliss atemping o cover armed conflics and organized crime. The wealhy owners who dominae privae media in a growing number o counries shaped news coverage o suppor he governmen, a poliical pary, or heir own ineress. And democraic saes srug-gled o cope wih an onslaugh o propaganda rom auhoriarian regimes and milian groups.
Freedom of the Press 󰀲󰀰󰀱󰀵
, he laes ediion o an an-nual repor published by Freedom House since 󰀱󰀹󰀸󰀰, ound ha global press reedom declined in 󰀲󰀰󰀱󰀴 o is lowes poin in more han 󰀱󰀰 years. The rae o decline also acceleraed drasically, wih he global average score suffering is larges one-year drop in a decade. The share o he world’s populaion ha enjoys a Free press sood a 󰀱󰀴 percen, meaning only one in seven people live in counries where coverage o poliical news is robus, he saey o journaliss is guaraneed, sae inrusion in media affairs is minimal, and he press is no subjec o onerous legal or economic pressures.The seepes declines worldwide relae o wo acors: he passage and use o resricive laws agains he press—ofen on naional securiy grounds—and he abiliy o local and oreign journaliss o physically access and repor reely rom a given counry, includ-ing proes sies and conflic areas. Paradoxically, in a ime o seemingly unlimied access o inormaion and new mehods o conen delivery, more and more areas o he world are becoming virually inaccessible o journaliss.While here were posiive developmens in some counries, he dominan global rend was negaive. The number o counries wih significan improve-mens (󰀸) was he lowes since 󰀲󰀰󰀰󰀹, while he num-ber wih significan declines (󰀱󰀸) was he highes in 󰀷  years.
*
 The 󰀱󰀸 counries and erriories ha declined represened a poliically diverse cross-secion—in-cluding Greece, Hong Kong, Iceland, Serbia, and Souh Arica—indicaing ha he global deerioraion in press reedom is no limied o auocracies or war zones. Also eaured among he major backsliders were Algeria, Azerbaijan, Egyp, Honduras, Libya, Souh Sudan, and Thailand.The naure o major changes over he pas five years is also sriking. Since 󰀲󰀰󰀱󰀰, he mos significan score improvemens have occurred in counries where he media environmen had been among he wors in he world. Tunisia, wih a gain o 󰀳󰀷 poins, no only regisered he bigges improvemen over his period, bu was also he only counry wih large gains ha by Jennier Dunham, Bre Nelson, and Elen Aghekyan
In a ime o seemingly unlimied accesso inormaion and new mehods o conen delivery, more and more areaso he world are becoming viruallyinaccessible o journaliss.
* Significant gains or declines are defined as shifs o 󰀳 or more points in a country’s score, on a 󰀰–󰀱󰀰󰀰 scale.
1
www.reedomhouse.org
FREEDOM OF THE PRESS 2015
 
mainained a posiive rajecory in 󰀲󰀰󰀱󰀴. While Myan-mar and Libya have each earned ne improvemens o 󰀲󰀱 poins, boh suffered score declines in he pas year and remain in he No Free caegory. In a disurbing rend, several counries wih hisories o more demo-craic pracices have experienced serious deerioraion. Greece has allen by 󰀲󰀱 poins since 󰀲󰀰󰀱󰀰, as exising srucural problems were exacerbaed by he economic crisis and relaed poliical pressures. Large five-year drops were also recorded in Thailand (󰀱󰀳 poins), Ecuador (󰀱󰀲), Turkey (󰀱󰀱), Hong Kong (󰀹), Honduras (󰀷), Hungary (󰀷), and Serbia (󰀷).In 󰀲󰀰󰀱󰀴, influenial auhoriarian powers such as China and Russia mainained a igh grip on locally based prin and broadcas media, while also seek-ing o conrol he more independen views provided eiher online or by oreign news sources. Beijing and Moscow in paricular were more over in heir effors o manipulae he inormaion environmen in regions ha hey considered o be wihin heir sphere o influence: Hong Kong and Taiwan or he ormer, and Ukraine, Cenral Asia, and he Balics or he later.The year’s noable improvemens included hree saus changes, wih Guinea-Bissau, Madagascar, and Ukraine moving rom No Free o Parly Free. Tunisia mainained is repuaion as he success sory o he Arab Spring, improving anoher 󰀵 poins in 󰀲󰀰󰀱󰀴. However, oher counries recording gains eiher made modes, enaive improvemens in he wake o civil srie—as in Cenral Arican Republic and Somalia—or eaured auhoriarian governmens ha have grown more secure and less violenly oppressive in recen  years, as in Zimbabwe.
Increased use o restrictive laws
Several counries in 󰀲󰀰󰀱󰀴 passed securiy or secrecy laws ha esablished new limis on speech and reporing. Afer a coup in May, Thailand’s miliary gov-ernmen suspended he consiuion, imposed marial law, shu down media oules, blocked websies, and severely resriced conen. Aggressive enorcemen o he counry’s lèse-majesé laws also coninued in 󰀲󰀰󰀱󰀴, and afer he coup alleged violaors were ried in miliary cours.In Turkey, he governmen repeaedly sough o expand he elecommunicaions auhoriy’s power o block websies wihou a cour order, hough some o he more aggressive legal changes were sruck down by he Consiuional Cour. Oher legislaion gave he Naional Inelligence Organizaion (MİT) vas pow-The
 Freedom of the Press
 repor assesses he degree o media reedom in 󰀱󰀹󰀹 counries and erriories, analyzing he evens and develop-mens o each calendar year. Each counry and erriory receives a numerical score rom 󰀰 (he mos ree) o 󰀱󰀰󰀰 (he leas ree), which serves as he basis or a saus designaion o Free, Parly Free, or No Free.Scores are assigned in response o 󰀲󰀳 mehod-ology quesions ha seek o capure he varied ways in which pressure can be placed on he flow o objecive inormaion and he abiliy o media plaorms—wheher prin oules, broadcas saions, news websies, blogs on public affairs, or social media ha carry news conen—o operae reely and wihou ear o repercussions.Issues covered by he mehodology include he legal and regulaory environmen in which me-dia operae; he degree o parisan conrol over news conen; poliical influences on reporing and access o inormaion; he public’s abiliy o access diverse sources o inormaion; viola-ions o press reedom ranging rom he murder o journaliss and bloggers o oher exralegal abuse and harassmen; and economic pres-sures on media oules and heir means o disribuion.The scores reflec no jus governmen ac-ions and policies, bu also he behavior o he press isel in esing boundaries, as well as he influence o privae owners, poliical or criminal groups, and oher nonsae acors.For a more deailed explanaion o he mehod-ology and scoring process, see pp. 󰀲󰀶–󰀲󰀸.
Freedom of the Press
Methodology 
PRESS FREEDOM IN 2014: 
Harsh Laws and Violence Drive Global Decline
2
 
ers o surveillance and unetered access o virually any inormaion held by any eniy in he counry. The amendmens also criminalized reporing on or acquir-ing inormaion abou MİT.A Russian law ha ook effec in Augus placed new conrols on blogs and social media, requiring all sies wih more han 󰀳,󰀰󰀰󰀰 visiors a day o regiser wih he sae elecommunicaions agency as media oules. This saus made hem responsible or he accuracy o posed inormaion, among oher obligaions.
Deenions and closures under exising securiy or emergency laws also increased in 󰀲󰀰󰀱󰀴. Azerbaijan was one of he wors offenders, wih nine journaliss in prison as of December 󰀱. Over he course of ha monh, he auhoriies deained prominen invesigaive  journalis Khadija Ismayilova of U.S.-funded Radio Free Europe/Radio Libery (RFE/RL), raided and closed RFE/RL’s offices in he counry, and inerrogaed he service’s local employees. A number of well-known media advo-cacy groups were also forced o close during he year.
In Egyp, a cour senenced hree Al-Jazeera journal-iss o seven or more years in prison on charges o conspiring wih he oulawed Muslim Broherhood o publish alse news. The convicions ollowed a arci-cal rial in which prosecuors presened no credible evidence. While all hree were reed or released on bail in early 󰀲󰀰󰀱󰀵, a leas nine journaliss remain in jail on errorism charges or or covering he Broherhood.Ehiopia’s governmen sepped up is campaign agains ree expression in April 󰀲󰀰󰀱󰀴 by arresing six people associaed wih he Zone 󰀹 blogging collecive and hree oher journaliss. In July, hey were charged wih inciing violence and errorism. Myanmar, which had aken several posiive seps in recen years, suffered declines in 󰀲󰀰󰀱󰀴 due in par o an increase in arress and convicions o journaliss. In July, our reporers and he chie execuive o he
Unity Weekly News
 were senenced o 󰀱󰀰 years in prison and hard labor, laer reduced o seven years, under he colonial-era Official Secres Ac or reporing on a possible chemical weapons aciliy.Such resricive laws are no only uilized in auhori-arian environmens. Mexico’s new elecommunica-ions law drew widespread objecions rom press reedom advocaes due o provisions allowing he governmen o monior and shu down real-ime blog-ging and posing during social proess. Souh Arican auhoriies expanded heir use o he aparheid-era Naional Key Poins Ac o preven invesigaive jour-
BIGGEST PRESS FREEDOM DECLINES IN 2014
VenezuelaTurkeySerbiaPeruIraqCambodiaMyanmarBoswanaAzerbaijanSouh AricaIcelandHondurasHong KongGreeceEgypSouh SudanThailandLibya
-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-4-4-4-4-5-5-6-11-11
-󰀱󰀲 -󰀱󰀰 -󰀸 -󰀶 -󰀴 -󰀲 󰀰
www.reedomhouse.org
Freedom House
3
 
naliss rom reporing on imporan sies or insiu-ions, paricularly when probing corrupion by poliical figures. In Souh Korea, Presiden Park Geun-hye’s adminisraion increasingly relied on he Naional Securiy Law o suppress criical repors, especially regarding he presiden’s inner circle and he
Sewol
 erry disaser.
Physical violence and inaccessible areas
The world’s growing number o areas ha are effec-ively off limis or journaliss include pars o Syria and Iraq conrolled by Islamic Sae (IS) exremiss, saes in norheasern Nigeria where Boko Haram is acive, much o conflic-racked Libya, and Egyp’s resive Sinai Peninsula. In Mexico, Honduras, and oher Cenral American counries, inimidaion and violence agains  journaliss coninued o soar during he year, as gangs and local auhoriies sough o deer reporing on orga-nized crime and corrupion in heir erriory. Seveneen journaliss were killed in Syria alone in 󰀲󰀰󰀱󰀴, according o he Commitee o Proec Journal-iss (CPJ). The deah oll, coupled wih he high-profile murders o American reelance journaliss James Foley and Seven Soloff by IS milians, served as a sark reminder ha local reporers—who make up he vas majoriy o he casualies—and reelancers do no have he exensive securiy saeguards afforded o ull-ime saff a large news organizaions like he
New York Times
. To help address he problem, major oules and advocacy groups esablished global saey principles and pracices in early 󰀲󰀰󰀱󰀵.While some pars o he world are rendered inaccessi-ble mosly by chaoic violence, ohers are deliberaely barred o mos reporers by repressive governmens. Prime examples include China’s Tibe and Xinjiang regions, Tajikisan’s Gorno-Badakhshan Auonomous Region, Russian-occupied Crimea, and cerain ehnic minoriy areas in Myanmar. Ciizen journaliss, aciv-iss, and ordinary residens have managed o dis-seminae some inormaion abou condiions in hese regions, bu i is no subsiue or unetered reporing by proessionals, and i is ofen easier o send news o he ouside world han o reach audiences wihin he affeced area. Sree proess, hough less deadly han armed conflics, requenly proved dangerous or reporers o cover in 󰀲󰀰󰀱󰀴. During he prodemocracy demon-sraions ha broke ou in Hong Kong in Sepember,  journaliss aced a sharp rise in violence, including muliple assauls on reporers near proes sies. In Venezuela, journaliss became arges during clashes linked o he widespread social proess ha swep he counry in he firs hal o he year. Reporers in Brazil also encounered violence a proess beore and during he World Cup; in February, a cameraman died afer being hi in he head wih an explosive. In Ukraine, in addiion o our journalis deahs and oher violence associaed wih he separais conflic in he eas, one journalis was killed and a leas 󰀲󰀷 ohers were injured a he heigh o conronaions beween proesers and police in he capial in February.
Pressure through ownership
In Russia and Venezuela, he media secor is increas-ingly owned by he sae, privae-secor cronies o he poliical leadership, or business ineress ha “depolii-cize” heir oules by suppressing conen ha is criical o he governmen. In July, Venezuela’s oldes indepen-den daily,
El Universal
, was sold o new owners. The move came on he heels o ownership changes a wo oher major privae media companies in he counry, Cadena Capriles and Globovisión. In all hree cases, respeced reporers have lef or been suspended since he ownership changes, primarily due o shifs in he ediorial line ha affeced news coverage.While somewha more media diversiy exiss in counries like Turkey and Ecuador, poliical leaders have seadily amed once-independen oules, using various orms o pressure agains privae owners and creaing media secors ha are firmly iled in he rul-ing pary’s avor.In Greece, he new public broadcaser has aced alle-gaions o poliical inererence in hiring and ediorial conen. Hungary remained a counry o concern in 󰀲󰀰󰀱󰀴, as he adminisraion o Prime Miniser Vikor Orbán coninued o exer pressure on media own-ers o influence coverage. Dozens o media workers proesed he dismissal o he edior in chie o
Origo
, a news websie, afer i published an aricle on alleged misuse o sae unds.
Increased use o propaganda by states and nonstate actors
Among he mos roubling rends idenified in 󰀲󰀰󰀱󰀴 was he more acive and aggressive use o propagan-da—ofen alse or openly hreaening—o warp he me-dia environmen and crowd ou auhenic journalism.This phenomenon was especially pronounced in Russia, where sae-conrolled naional elevision sa-ions broadcas nonsop campaigns o demonizaion
PRESS FREEDOM IN 2014: 
Harsh Laws and Violence Drive Global Decline
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